# Dating in newcastle upon tyne

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So it must form two covalent bonds to obtain 2 more electrons than it normally has by itself. Retrieved 4 August 2010.\
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Retrieved 4 July 2010. I'm always up for a autobus. Retrieved 23 February 2011. This language was the forerunner of ; but while the dialects of other English regions have been heavily altered by the influences of other foreign languages—particularly and —the Geordie dialect retains many elements of the old language. Chirality Most of the Amino Acids have a responsible of shape that we need to understand. The main shopping street in the city is. Popular venues in Newcastle upon Tyne These venues are particularly popular on Skiddle right now, click to find out their upcoming events: · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Sin an.

A new development in the Ouseburn valley has recreated them; Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula were attracted by the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas. Retrieved 4 August 2010. Retrieved 15 October 2013.\
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**Newcastle upon Tyne dating** - Newcastle's leading classical music ensemble is the , which was founded in 1958 and performed regularly at Newcastle City Hall until 2004. New Orleans has been identified as having the best nightlife in the world...\
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Newcastle is the most populous city in the North East, and forms the core of the , the eighth most populous. Newcastle is a member of the English and is a member of the network of European cities. Newcastle was part of the county of until 1400, when it became a , a status it retained until becoming part of Tyne and Wear in 1974. The and for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is. Newcastle also houses , a member of the , as well as. The city developed around the settlement and was named after the built in 1080 by , 's eldest son. The city grew as an important centre for the in the 14th century, and later became a major coal mining area. The port developed in the 16th century and, along with the shipyards lower down the , was amongst the world's largest and ship-repairing centres. Newcastle's economy includes corporate headquarters, learning, digital technology, retail, tourism and cultural centres, from which the city contributes £13 billion towards the United Kingdom's GVA. Among its icons are club and the. Since 1981 the city has hosted the , a which attracts over 57,000 runners each year. Main article: Roman The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was , a Roman fort and bridge across the. It was given the family name of the , who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of Britain. The population of Pons Aelius then is estimated at 2,000. Fragments of are visible in parts of Newcastle, particularly along the West Road. The extent of Hadrian's Wall was 73 miles 117 km , spanning the width of Britain; the Wall incorporated the , a large rearward ditch with parallel mounds, and was built primarily for defence, to prevent unwanted and the incursion of tribes from the north, not as a fighting line for a major invasion. Keep is the oldest structure in the city, dating back to at least the 11th century. Anglo-Saxon and Norman After the , completed in 410, Newcastle became part of the powerful kingdom of , and was known throughout this period as Monkchester. Conflicts with the in 876 left the river Tyne and its settlements in ruin. After the conflicts with the Danes, and following the against the Normans, Monkchester was all but destroyed by. Because of its strategic position, , son of , erected a wooden there in the year 1080. The town was henceforth known as Novum Castellum or New Castle. The wooden structure was replaced by a stone castle in 1087. The castle was rebuilt again in 1172 during the reign of Henry II. Much of the keep which can be seen in the city today dates from this period. Middle Ages Throughout the , Newcastle was England's northern fortress. Incorporated first by , the city had a new charter granted by in 1589. The Scots king was imprisoned in Newcastle in 1174, and brought the and south through the town. Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century, and was created a with its own by in 1400. This monopoly, which lasted for a considerable time, helped Newcastle prosper and develop into a major town. The phrase was first recorded contextually in 1538. The phrase itself means a pointless pursuit. In the 18th century, the American entrepreneur , regarded as an eccentric, defied this idiom. He was persuaded to sail a shipment of coal to Newcastle by merchants plotting to ruin him; however, his shipment arrived on the Tyne during a strike that had crippled local production, allowing him to turn a considerable profit. In 1935 after a government document requested its cities build air-raid shelters, part of the tunnel was converted. In the Sandgate area, to the east of the city, and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of and their families. They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting , for export to London and elsewhere. In the 1630s, about 7,000 out of 20,000 inhabitants of Newcastle died of , more than one-third of the population. Specifically within the year 1636, it is roughly estimated with evidence held by the that 47% of the then population of Newcastle died from the epidemic; this may also have been the most devastating loss in any British city in this period. Newcastle was once a major industrial centre particularly for coal and shipping During the , the North declared for the King. In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, allies, the Scots, captured the town of. In 1644, the Scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the Lawe in following a siege. Charles I was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646—7. In the 18th century, Newcastle was the country's fourth largest print centre after London, and , and the of 1793, with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages, predated the by half a century. Newcastle also became a glass producer with a reputation for brilliant. Newcastle city centre, 1917 A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of in 1806. The was a tragic and spectacular series of events starting on Friday 6 October 1854, in which a substantial amount of property in the two North East of England towns was destroyed in a series of fires and an explosion which killed 53 and injured hundreds. The status of city was granted to Newcastle on 3 June 1882. In the 19th century, and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the. This revolution resulted in the urbanisation of the city. In 1817 the Maling company, at one time the largest pottery company in the world, moved to the city. On 3 February 1879, Mosley Street in the city, was the first public road in the world to be lit up by the. Newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to be lit up by electric lighting. Innovations in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the development of , , 's artillery, flour, 's bulbs, and ' invention of the , which led to the revolution of marine propulsion and the production of. In 1882, Newcastle became the seat of an , with becoming its cathedral. The city acquired its first art gallery, the in 1904, so named after its founder Alexander Laing, a Scottish wine and spirit merchant who wanted to give something back to the city in which he had made his fortune. Another art gallery, the Hatton Gallery now part of , opened in 1925. With the advent of the motor car, Newcastle's road network was improved in the early part of the 20th century, beginning with the opening of the Redheugh road bridge in 1901 and the in 1928. Efforts to preserve the city's historic past were evident as long ago as 1934, when the Museum of Science and Industry opened, as did the John G Joicey Museum in the same year. Unemployment hit record heights in Newcastle during the of the 1930s. The city's last coal pit closed in 1956, though a temporary open cast mine was opened in 2013. The temporary open cast mine shifted 40,000 tonnes of coal, using modern techniques to reduce noise, on a part of the City undergoing redevelopment. The slow demise of the shipyards on the banks of the happened in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. Panorama from Newcastle castle keep across the River Tyne to Gateshead in 1954 During the Second World War the city and surrounding area were a target for air raids as heavy industry was involved in the production of ships and armaments. The raids caused 141 deaths and 587 injuries. A former French consul in Newcastle called Jacques Serre assisted the German war effort by describing important targets in the region to who was the head of the German Navy. The public sector in Newcastle began to expand in the 1960s. The federal structure of the was dissolved. That university's colleges in Newcastle, which had been known as King's College, became the University of Newcastle upon Tyne now known as , which was founded in 1963, followed by a Newcastle Polytechnic in 1969; the latter received university status in 1992 and became the. Further efforts to preserve the city's historic past continued in the later 20th century, with the opening of Newcastle Military Vehicle Museum in 1983 and in 1986. The Military Vehicle museum closed in 2006. New developments at the turn of the 21st century included the in 2000 and in 2001. Based at since 1886, became members in 1893. They have won four top division titles the first in 1905 and the most recent in 1927 , six the first in 1910 and the most recent in 1955 and the in 1969. They broke the world transfer record in 1996 by paying £15 million for and striker , one of the most prolific goalscorers of that era. In 2017 Newcastle was the venue for the 2017 Freedom City festival. The 2017 Freedom City festival commemorated the 50 years since visit to Newcastle, where King received his honorary degree from. In 2018 Newcastle hosts the Great Exhibition of the North, the largest event in England in 2018. The exhibition began on June 22 with an opening ceremony on the river Tyne. The exhibition describes the story of the north of England through its innovators, artists, designers and businesses. Newcastle is situated in the of England, in the metropolitan county of and the historical and traditional county of. The city is located on the northwestern bank of the. It is 46 miles 74 km from the Scottish border, south of Southdean. The ground beneath the city is formed from of the Middle Pennine Coal Measures Group—a suite of , and which generally dip moderately eastwards. To the west of the city are the Upper Pennine Coal Measures and further west again the sandstones and mudstones of the Stainmore Formation, the local equivalent of the. Side, a street in Newcastle near the Tyne Bridge In large parts, Newcastle still retains a street layout. Narrow alleys or '', most of which can only be traversed by foot, still exist in abundance, particularly around the. Stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and the extant , originally recorded in the 14th century, remain intact in places. Close, Sandhill and contain modern buildings as well as structures dating from the 15th—18th centuries, including , the Cooperage and Lloyds Quayside Bars, Derwentwater House and House of Tides, a restaurant situated at a Grade I-listed 16th century merchant's house at 28—30 Close. The city has an extensive centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s by and , and recently extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer described Newcastle as England's best-looking city and the German-born British scholar of architecture, , describes as one of the finest streets in England. The street curves down from towards the valley of the and was voted England's finest street in 2005 in a survey of listeners. In the Google Street View awards of 2010, Grey Street came 3rd in the British picturesque category. Osborne Road came 4th in the foodie street category. A portion of was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the Shopping Centre, including all but one side of the original itself. Just outside one corner of this is , the stadium home of which dominates the view of the city from all directions. Another in Newcastle is the , lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's famous and put together and the have the right to graze cattle on it. The right extends to the pitch of , ; this is not exercised, although the Freemen do collect rent for the loss of privilege. Honorary freemen include , of Norway, , , the late and the. View of from Gateshead. In the southeastern corner is , which contains the only remaining pavilion from the. From 1970s until 2006 this housed the Newcastle Military Vehicle Museum; which closed in 2006. The pavilion is now being used as a and concert venue for Wylam Brewery. Ouseburn The wooded gorge of the in the east of the city is known as and forms another popular recreation area, linked by Armstrong Park and Heaton Park to the , where the river finally reaches the. The spring time dawn chorus at 55 degrees latitude has been described as one of the best in the world. The dawn chorus of the green space, has been professionally recorded and has been used in various workplace and hospital rehabilitation facilities. Architecture of suburbs Significant Newcastle include 's the designed in the 1960s, and now. It is on 's list of outstanding 20th-century buildings. Chinatown Newcastle's thriving lies in the north-west of , centred on Stowell Street. A new Chinese arch, or , providing a landmark entrance, was handed over to the city with a ceremony in 2005. The UK's first village, the is located in the city centre close to the. The village is the first step in the City Council's plans to transform Newcastle into a. Newcastle was voted as the Best City in the North in April 2007 by a readers' online poll organised by newspaper—being placed ahead of , Manchester, and. Large-scale has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments; an innovative tilting bridge, the was commissioned by and has integrated the older more closely with major cultural developments in Gateshead, including the , the venue for the 2011 and the -designed music centre. The Newcastle and Gateshead Quaysides are now a thriving, cosmopolitan area with bars, restaurants and public spaces. The had the temporary in 2008 for ten days; it was not made for walking, road or cycling, but was just a sculpture. Grainger Street about 1906 The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by , a builder and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some of Newcastle upon Tyne's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including , , Street, Grainger Street and Street. These buildings are predominantly four stories high, with vertical dormers, domes, turrets and spikes. Richard Grainger was said to 'have found Newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone'. Grey's Monument closeup , which commemorates Prime Minister and his , stands above Monument Metro Station and was designed and built by and. Hodges, who also built Nelson's Column, designed and built the statue, and the monument plinth was designed and built by Benjamin Green. The Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market. The Grainger Market itself, was opened in 1835 and was Newcastle's first indoor market. At the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in Europe. The opening was celebrated with a grand dinner attended by 2000 guests, and the Laing Art Gallery has a painting of this event. With the exception of the timber roof which was destroyed by a fire in 1901 and replaced by latticed-steel arches the Market is largely in its original condition. The Grainger Market architecture, like most in Grainger Town, which are either grade I or II listed, was listed grade I in 1954 by English Heritage. The development of the city in the 1960s saw the demolition of part of as a prelude to the modernist rebuilding initiatives of , the leader of. A corruption scandal was uncovered involving Smith and , a from , West Yorkshire, and both were imprisoned. Echoes of the scandal were revisited in the late 1990s in the mini-series,. Climate Situated in the of the , Newcastle is amongst the driest cities in the UK. Temperature extremes recorded at Newcastle Weather Centre include 32. Newcastle can have cool to cold winters, though usually warmer than the rural areas around it, and the winters are often compensated for by warm summers, with very long daylight hours in the summer months, longer than all other major English Cities. Newcastle upon Tyne shares the same latitude as and southern Sweden. The nearest weather station to provide sunshine statistics is at Durham, about 14 miles 23 km south of. Durham's inland, less urbanised setting results in night-time temperature data about 1 degree cooler than Newcastle proper throughout the year. Climate data for Newcastle Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C °F 6. It is a part of the local which is in conjunction with Gateshead borough, and was created in the 1960s. In the Newcastle city boundaries it surrounds the communities of Brunswick Green, , Callerton, , , , and. Landscape features and facilities such as Ryton Island, Tyne Riverside Country Park, the city's golf courses, Newcastle Racecourse, and Newcastle Airport are also within the green belt area. See also: Newcastle played a major role during the 19th-century , and was a leading centre for coal mining, ship building, engineering, munitions and manufacturing. As part of Tyneside, Newcastle's economy contributes around £13 billion to the UK. The Central Business District is in the , bounded by , and the areas. Retail Looking north along in 2009 In 2010, Newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK. There are several major shopping areas in. The largest of these is the , one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the UK. It incorporates a store as well as one of the largest stores in the UK. This John Lewis branch was formerly known as Bainbridges. Newcastle store , opened in 1838, is often cited as the world's first. Emerson Bainbridge 1817—1892 , a pioneer and the founder of Bainbridges, sold goods via department, a new for merchant custom for that time. The Bainbridge's official ledgers reported revenue by department, giving birth to the name department store. Eldon Square is currently undergoing a full redevelopment. A new bus station, replacing the old underground bus station, was officially opened in March 2007. The wing of the centre, including the undercover Green Market, near Grainger Street was demolished in 2007 so that the area could be redeveloped. This was completed in February 2010 with the opening of a department store as well as other major stores including , and. The main shopping street in the city is. In a 2004 report, it was ranked as the most expensive shopping street in the UK for rent, outside London. It is home to two major department stores including the first and largest department store, which houses some of the most luxurious , and one of the largest stores outside London. Both stores have entrances into Eldon Square Shopping Centre. Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the area around , the relatively modern Eldon Garden and complexes, the Newgate Centre, and the traditional. Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are and. The largest store in the United Kingdom is located in on the edge of Newcastle. Close to Newcastle, the largest indoor shopping centre in Europe, the , is located in Gateshead. Dwelling types The was the dominant housing form constructed at the time when the industrial centres on Tyneside were growing most rapidly. They can still be found in areas such as South Heaton in Newcastle but once dominated the streetscape on both sides of the Tyne. Tyneside flats were built as terraces, one of each pair of doors led to an upstairs flat while the other led into the ground-floor flat, each of two or three rooms. A new development in the Ouseburn valley has recreated them; Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula were attracted by the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas. In terms of housing stock, the authority is one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census to 7. Gosforth High Street in the north of the city. According to the ONS in 2015 the city of Newcastle had a population of 293,000. The metropolitan boroughs of population circa 202,000 , population circa 149,000 and population circa 201,000 are, along with Newcastle, all part of the population circa 880,000. The metropolitan county of , which consists of the four aforementioned boroughs as well as population circa 277,000 , had a population of around 1,122,000 and the which also includes North Durham, South East Northumberland and the Tyne Valley has a population of 1,650,000. Newcastle is also home to a large student population with Newcastle University and Northumbria University Newcastle, based in the City Centre. Areas of suburban Newcastle with major student populations include Jesmond, Gosforth and Heaton. According to the same statistics, the average age of people living in Newcastle is 37. There is a strong presence of surnames, such as Armstrong, Charlton, Elliot, Johnstone, Kerr, Hall, Nixon, Little and Robson. There are also small but significant Chinese, Jewish and Eastern European Polish, Czech Roma populations. The states there are estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 in Newcastle, one of the largest populations in any city in the UK. Like most cities, Newcastle has diverse cross sections and classes. The city is largely Christian at 70. In 2011, 189,381 people lived in the unparished area of Newcastle upon Tyne but 280,177 people lived in the actual city and metropolitan borough. The unparished area excludes Newburn, Gosforth and the wards of Castle, Woolsington and Parklands and is made up of 17 wards from Walkergate in the east to Benwell and Scotswood in the west. White makes up for 84. The for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is. The term Novocastrian, which can equally be applied to residents of , is also used for ex-pupils of the city's. Year and current total population Year Population 1801 33,322 33322 Main article: The dialect of Newcastle is known as , and contains a large amount of vocabulary and distinctive words and pronunciations not used in other parts of the United Kingdom. The Geordie dialect has much of its origins in the language spoken by the populations who migrated to and conquered much of England after the end of Roman Imperial rule. This language was the forerunner of ; but while the dialects of other English regions have been heavily altered by the influences of other foreign languages—particularly and —the Geordie dialect retains many elements of the old language. Some words used in the Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom. Life expectancy is 14. Early death rates from cancer and from heart disease and stroke have fallen but remain worse than the English average. Levels of are worse than the England average. In 2011 attainment amongst school children was worse than the England average. Rates of smoking related deaths and hospital stays for alcohol-related harm are higher than average. In a report, published in early February 2007 by the Ear Institute at the , and , a Danish hearing aid manufacturer, Newcastle was named as the noisiest city in the whole of the UK, with an average level of 80. The report claimed that these noise levels would have a negative long-term impact on the health of the city's residents. The report was rightly criticised, however, for attaching too much weight to readings at arbitrarily selected locations, which in Newcastle's case included a motorway underpass without pedestrian access. As well as numerous parks, open spaces, and extensive riverside areas, puzzlingly the report also overlooked the 1000 acre at the heart of the city. Larger than London's Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath combined, and even larger than New York's the town moor dates back to the 12th century, with the land tenure and its use being regulated by an Act of Parliament. The Gate complex is a popular nightlife destination in the city with a cinema, numerous restaurants and bars. Newcastle was in the top ten of the country's top night spots, and The to Britain placed Newcastle upon Tyne's nightlife as Great Britain's no. In the Travellers' Choice Destination Awards for European Nightlife destinations, four of the UK's nightspots finished in the top 10; Newcastle was awarded 3rd Place behind London, and Berlin. Newcastle also came in seventh for the World category. There are concentrations of pubs, bars and nightclubs around the Bigg Market and the area of the city centre. There are many bars on the Bigg Market, and other popular areas for nightlife are Street, popularly referred to as the 'Diamond Strip' due to its concentration of high-end bars, Neville Street, the area and Osborne Road in the area of the city. Newcastle's — 'The Pink Triangle' — is centred on the Times Square area near the and has a range of bars, cafés and clubs. The city has a wide variety of restaurants such as , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and. Newcastle is one of 7 cities in the UK that has a with many on Stowell Street. There has also been a growth in restaurants in recent years with top chefs. Theatre Theatre Royal, Grey Street The city has a proud history of theatre. He brought members of his famous acting family such as and out of London to Newcastle. Stephen Kemble guided the theatre through many celebrated seasons. The original Theatre Royal in Newcastle was opened on 21 January 1788 and was located on Mosley Street. It was demolished to make way for Grey Street, where its replacement was built. The city still contains many theatres. The largest, the on Grey Street, first opened in 1837, designed by. It has hosted a season of performances from the for over 25 years, as well as touring productions of West End musicals. The hosts smaller touring productions, whilst other venues feature local talent. Other theatres in the city include the , the and the. Literature and libraries Avison Library 2013 Newcastle has a strong reputation as a poetry centre. The , run by poet , is a major venue for poetry readings in the North East, being the place where gave the first reading of in 1965. Its music library contains 8,000 CDs and 10,000 LPs. The current Lit and Phil premises were built in 1825 and the building was designed by John and Benjamin Green. Operating since 1793 and founded as a 'conversation club,' its lecture theatre was the first public building to be lit by electric light, during a lecture by on 20 October 1880. The old City library designed by , was demolished in 2006 and replaced. The new building opened on 21 June 2009 and was named after 18th century composer ; the building was opened by. The is a museum dedicated to children's books. Opened in 2005, it is based in the. Festivals and fairs The arch to Chinatown, opposite St. James' Park In January or February, is at the centre of a carnival of colour and noise as the city celebrates the. In early March there is the Comedy Festival. This event makes a return to the region since the last event in 2006. It is hoped it will now continue as an annual event. The Newcastle Science Festival, now called , returns annually in early March. The Newcastle , organised by , takes place in April. The This Is Tomorrow festival now takes place over the spring bank holiday and is in the same location. The biennial of international electronic art, featuring exhibitions, concerts, conferences and film screenings, is held in March. The North East Art Expo, a festival of art and design from the regions professional artists, is held in late May. NewcastleGateshead, a festival of food and drink, runs for 2 weeks each year in mid June. The event has its origins in the during the early 1880s, and coincides with the annual at High Gosforth Park. Newcastle Community Green Festival, which claims to be the UK's biggest free community festival, also takes place every June, in. The Northern Rock Cyclone, a cycling festival, takes place within, or starting from, Newcastle in June. The Northern Pride Festival and Parade is held in and in the city's Gay Community in mid July. Newcastle , held on the late weekend, is an annual two-day multicultural event that blends drama, music and food from , , and cultures. NewcastleGateshead also holds an annual International Arts Fair. The 2009 event will be in the designed Music and Arts Centre in September. In October, there is the Design Event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers. The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October. Music See also: Newcastle's vernacular music was a mixture of Northumbrian and nineteenth-century songs with dialect lyrics, by writers such as , whose songs include one which became an unofficial Tyneside national anthem,. The 1960s saw the internationally successful rock group , emerge from Newcastle night spots such as Club A-Go-Go on Percy Street. Other well-known acts with connections to the city include , , and more recently. There is also a thriving scene that encompasses a variety of styles, including , and. James Park before the start of every home game. Newcastle is the home of c. The 1990s boom in music saw the city's record label publish mix CDs by the likes of , , , and recording mix compilations. The label is still going strong today with offices in London and New York, and new releases from and. Newcastle's leading classical music ensemble is the , which was founded in 1958 and performed regularly at Newcastle City Hall until 2004. Nowadays it is based at. ICMuS, 's music department, has been a driving force for music in the region, producing innovative work, organising concerts and festivals, instigating the first degree programme in folk music in the British Isles, and engaging creatively with communities in the region. Concert venues Metro Radio Arena The largest venue used for music concerts is St James Park, home of Newcastle United, which has also previously been used for Rugby League games and the Olympic Games. The second largest in Newcastle is the 11,000-seat , which opened in 1995 and hosts major pop and rock concerts. Both of the city's universities have venues that mainly host and bands. On 14 October 2005 the 2,000 capacity opened in the city centre. It had previously been a music venue in the 1960s, hosting concerts by and. The new venue was headlined by on the opening night and known as the Carling Academy for a number of years. Since opening the venue has hosted performances by major bands and solo musicians including , , , , and. The music venue on Melbourne Street, open from 1985 until 1999, famously hosted 's first European show in 1989. The venue also welcomed , and and was named Best Regional Venue by in 1993. Riverside has also been the subject of a book, Riverside: Newcastle's Legendary Alternative Music Venue. In 2016 open-air concerts will take place at Times Square for the first time, including performances from , and. The small music venue Think Tank? Cinema , designed and built by Dixon Scott, great uncle of and Apart from the city centre chain-cinema, the multiplex, the city has its own independent cinema, the. The Tyneside Cinema, on Pilgrim Street, originally opened as the 'Bijou News-Reel Cinema' in 1937, and was designed and built by Dixon Scott, great-uncle of film directors and. The Pilgrim Street building was refurbished between November 2006 and May 2008; during the refurbishment works, the cinema relocated to the Old Town Hall, Gateshead. In May 2008 the Tyneside Cinema reopened in the restored and refurbished original building. The site currently houses three cinemas, including the restored Classic —the United Kingdom's last surviving news cinema still in full-time operation—alongside two new screens, and dedicated education and teaching suites. Museums and galleries There are several museums and galleries in Newcastle, including the with its Science Village; the a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions which changed the world; the ; in 2009 the merged with the Great North Museum Hancock Museum ; a museum dedicated to children's books, the Side Gallery historical and contemporary photography from around the world and Northern England and the Newburn Hall Motor Museum. The Laing Art Gallery, like other art galleries and museums around the world, has collections digitised on the , an initiative that makes important cultural material accessible online. In film See also: The earliest known movie featuring some exterior scenes filmed in the city is 1939 , though by and large the action is studio-bound. Later came 1951 and 1961 , both of which feature more extensive scenes filmed in the city. The gangster thriller 1971 was shot on location in and around Newcastle and offers an opportunity to see what Newcastle looked like in the early 1970s. The city was also backdrop to another gangster film, the 1988 , directed by and starring , , and. The city has been the setting for films based around football; films such as 2000 , 2002 and have all been focused around Tyneside. The comedy 2004 , starring was also filmed in Newcastle. The film 2010 was shot on location in Newcastle's city centre and features key scenes in and around. The film 2009 was shot in and around Newcastle, and features several scenes under and around the Tyne Bridge. Crime drama Harrigan 2013 was filmed in the city as well as Gateshead and Teesside. James' Park — home of Newcastle United Football Club — looking towards the city centre. The city has a strong sporting tradition. The city also has clubs, , West Allotment Celtic and Team Northumbria. The are the only team in north-east England to have played in the. They play at in the northern suburb of Kingston Park. They currently play in the. Since 2015, the has been played annually in the city at St James' Park. There is a women's football team, Newcastle United Women's Football Club, founded in 1989. Newcastle has a at. The city is also home to the basketball team who play their home games at the new Sport Central complex at. The Eagles are the most successful team in the history of the. The city's team are based at Brough Park in , a venue that is also home to. Newcastle also hosts the start of the annual , the world's largest in which participants race over the into and then towards the finish line 13. Another famous athletic event is the 5. The 2012 London Olympic committee selected Newcastle as one of the UK host venue cities, with the stadium St James' Park hosting 9 matches in both the men's and women's football. The were a professional team that played the 1995—96 season in the. The were also a professional ice hockey team in the from 2002 and then the between 2005 and 2011 when the team folded. Newcastle upon Tyne was one of the 11 host cities for the 2015 Rugby World Cup. No other parties hold on the city's council, but there are 3 independent councillors. For the purposes of City Council elections, Newcastle is divided into 26. Planes parked at Newcastle Airport is located approximately 6 miles 9. It is connected to the city via the system and a journey into Newcastle city centre takes approximately 20 minutes. The airport handles over five million passengers per year, and is the tenth largest, and the fastest growing regional airport in the UK, expecting to reach 10 million passengers by 2016, and 15 million by 2030. As of 2007 , over 90 destinations are available worldwide. Rail Inside Newcastle railway station, also known as Newcastle Central station, is a principal stop on the and. Newcastle station is one of the busiest stations in Britain. In 2014, work was completed on the stations historic entrance. Glazing was placed over the historic arches and the Victorian architecture was enhanced; transforming the 19th century public portico. The station is one of only six Grade One listed railway stations in the UK. Opened in 1850 by , it was the first covered railway station in the world and was much copied across the UK. It has a façade, originally designed by the architect John Dobson, and was constructed in collaboration with. The station sightlines towards the Castle Keep, whilst showcasing the curvature of the station's arched roof. The first services were operated by the company. The city's other mainline station, , is to the east of the city centre. Train operator provides a half-hourly frequency of trains to , with a journey time of about three hours, and north to with all trains calling at and a small number of trains extended to , and. It was opened in five phases between 1980 and 1984, and was Britain's first urban light rail transit system; two extensions were opened in 1991 and 2002. It was developed from a combination of existing and newly built tracks and stations, with deep-level tunnels constructed through Newcastle city centre. A was built across the Tyne, between Newcastle and Gateshead, and opened by in 1981. The network, operated directly by , carries over 37 million passengers a year, extending as far as Newcastle Airport, Tynemouth, and in. In 2004, the company designed and constructed the mobile radio system to the underground Metro system. The Metro system was the first in the UK to have mobile phone antennae installed in the tunnels. The Metro consists of two lines. The Green line starts at , goes through the city centre and into Sunderland, terminating at. The yellow line starts at , runs north of the river alongside Byker towards Whitley Bay, before returning to the city, on to and terminates at. The system is currently undergoing a period of refurbishment and modernisation, entitled '. All Metro trains are being completely refurbished and most stations are undergoing improvement works or in some cases complete reconstruction, for example. In addition; tracks, signalling and overhead wires are also being overhauled. Longer term plans include the procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains and further extensions to the system. Proposed routes include to Newcastle's west end, to the Cobalt business park in North Tyneside, to the Metrocentre in Gateshead and to additional locations in Gateshead, South Tyneside and Sunderland. Several of the proposed routes would require trams as opposed to the current light rail trains. Many of these designations are recent—upon completion of the Western Bypass, and its designation as the new line of the A1, the roads between this and the A1's former alignment through the were , with many city centre roads changing from a 6-prefix to their present 1-prefix numbers. In November 2011 the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel was increased when a project to build a second road tunnel and refurbish the first tunnel was completed. Bus , one of the city's two main bus stations. There are three main bus companies providing services in the city; , and. There are two major bus stations in the city: and. Arriva mainly operates from Haymarket bus station providing the majority of services to the north of Newcastle, and. Go-Ahead operates from Eldon Square bus station, providing the majority of services south of the river in , , , and. Stagecoach is the primary operator in the city proper, with cross-city services mainly between both the West and East ends via the city centre with some services extending out to the MetroCentre, , and. Many bus services also pass , a major interchange for rail and metro services. Cycle Newcastle is accessible by several mostly traffic-free that lead to the edges of the city centre, where cyclists can continue into the city by road, using. The traffic-free cycle route runs along the north bank of the , enabling cyclists to travel off-road to and in the east, and westwards towards. Suburban cycle routes exist, which use converted trackbeds of former industrial and industrial railways. A network on 's suburban Victorian waggonways is being developed. A network of signed on-road cycle routes is being established, including some designated on-road cycle lanes that will lead from the city centre to the suburbs of , and. Newcastle has a growing culture of bicycle usage. Newcastle is also home to a cycling campaign, called the 'Newcastle Cycling Campaign. The aims of the organisation, within the constitution are: To raise the profile of cycling, especially utility cycling around the city; to educate decision makers over the benefits of cycling; to promote equality. Following guidelines set in the National Cycling strategy, Newcastle first developed its cycling strategy in 1998. As of 2012 , the local council social aims and objectives for cycling include: highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion; educating that cycling promotes healthy living… The authority also has infrastructure aims and objectives which include: developing on road cycle networks on quieter streets; making safer routes on busier streets; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets; developing the existing off-road cycle route networks and improve signage; joining up routes that are partially or completely isolated; Increase the number of cycle parking facilities; working with employers to integrate cycling into workplace travel plans; link the local networks to national networks. Water From Newcastle International Ferry Terminal, at , Danish runs a service to near. The to , Sweden, ceased at the end of October 2006 and their service to , Norway was terminated late 2008. The company cited high fuel prices and new competition from as the cause. Since summer 2007, Thomson cruise lines have included Newcastle as a departure port on its Norwegian and Fjords cruise. See also: In the 2011 UK Census, there was 64,640 young people aged 0-19 years of age. Newcastle has 74 primary schools and 20 secondary school around the city as a whole. There are 13 -funded and 7 independent schools in Newcastle. There are a number of successful , including , , , , , , , , , , and. The largest independent school is the. The largest girls' independent school is. Both schools are located on the same street in. Tertiary Newcastle has one of the country's largest universities for research. The city has two universities — and. Newcastle University has its origins in the School of Medicine and Surgery, established in 1834 and became independent from on 1 August 1963 to form the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle University is now one of the UK's leading international universities. It won the coveted award in 2000. Northumbria University has its origins in the Newcastle Polytechnic, established in 1969 and became the University of Northumbria at Newcastle in 1992 as part of the UK-wide process in which polytechnics became new universities. See also: , , and Newcastle has three cathedrals, the , with its elegant lantern tower of 1474, the Roman Catholic designed by and the Cathedral in. All three cathedrals began their lives as parish churches. St Mary's became a cathedral in 1850 and St Nicholas' in 1882. Another prominent church in the city centre is the which is the only in the without a parish and which is not a. One of the largest churches in the UK is , situated a little to the north of the city centre. Newcastle is home to the only Centre in North East England; the centre has served the local Bahá'í community for over 25 years and is located close to the Civic Centre in. Newcastle was a prominent centre of the movement up to the 1950s, and some small congregations still function. Among these are at the Hall, Denmark Street and Gospel Hall, St Lawrence. The present building was begun in the 12th Century and the last addition to it, apart from the vestries, was the main porch in 1726. It is quite possible that there was an earlier church here dating from Saxon times. This older church would have been one of several churches along the River Tyne dedicated to St Andrew, including the at Hexham. The building contains more old stonework than any other church in Newcastle. It is surrounded by the last of the ancient churchyards to retain its original character. Many key names associated with Newcastle's history worshipped and were buried here. The church tower received a battering during the by the Scots who finally breached the Town Wall and forced surrender. Three of the cannonballs remain on site as testament to the siege. Two converted warehouses provided the base for Tyne Tees on City Road until 2005 was based at City Road for over 40 years after its launch in January 1959. In 2005 it moved to a new facility on The Watermark business park next to the MetroCentre in Gateshead. The entrance to studio 5 at the City Road complex gave its name to the 1980s music television programme,. It is from here that the broadcasts the television regional news programme and station. Radio Tyneside has been the voluntary service for most hospitals across Newcastle and Gateshead since 1951, broadcasting on and online. The city also has a Radio Lollipop station based at the Great North Children's Hospital in the Newcastle. Newcastle is one of the first in the UK to have its city centre covered by access. It was developed and installed at the end of 2006 and went active in March 2007. Main article: , the leading British composer of concertos in the 18th century, was born in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1709 and died there in 1770. Vice Admiral , 1st Baron Collingwood, was born in the city. Other notable people born in or associated with Newcastle include: engineer and industrialist , engineer and father of the modern steam railways , his son, also an engineer, , engineer and inventor of the steam turbine , inventor of the incandescent light bulb , modernist poet , and Lord Chief Justice. Portuguese writer was a diplomat in Newcastle from late 1874 until April 1879—his most productive literary period. Former , was born in the city. Composer has been based in the city since 1995, teaching at and occasionally collaborating with. Musicians , , , , , , and lived in Newcastle. Multiple circumnavigator , , and were born in the city. 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